The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, have long been something from the outer world. These shimmering curtains of green, pink, and violet light that dance across the polar skies created myths, legends, but scientific inquiry, too.
For many, witnessing the Northern Lights is a bucket-list experience, a natural wonder that promises a transcendent encounter with the cosmos. Travelers often find themselves spellbound not just by the celestial display but also by the serene beauty of Iceland’s landscapes, which feel almost otherworldly under the glow of the auroras.
What Lies Behind the Northern Lights
One of nature's most amazing attractions, the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, captivates viewers with its bright colors and dramatic shows. A thorough understanding of space weather and the intricate relationships between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere are necessary to comprehend the science underlying these lights.
Solar Winds and Earth’s Magnetosphere
The story of the Northern Lights begins with the sun. Generally speaking, our star continuously releases charged particles into space called the solar wind. This stream of particles, which is mostly made up of protons and electrons, is moving across space at a speed of 300–800 km/s. As soon as they reach Earth, they interact with its magnetosphere, the region of space dominated by Earth’s magnetic field.
Earth’s magnetosphere acts like a shield that protects the planet from the solar wind; however, this interaction also causes the magnetosphere to become compressed on the sun-facing side and elongated on the opposite side, forming a tail. The dynamics of this interaction can lead to complex magnetic and electrical activities, particularly near the polar regions where the magnetic field lines converge.
Formation of Auroras
The particles from the solar wind are guided by Earth’s magnetic field lines toward the poles, where they collide with the gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. This collision primarily occurs at altitudes between 80 and 300 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. The energy from these collisions excites the atmospheric gases, causing them to emit light—a process similar to how neon lights work.
The specific colors of the auroras depend on the type of gas involved in the collisions and the altitude at which these collisions occur. Oxygen, for example, can produce green or red auroras. Green is the most common color and is typically seen when oxygen is involved at lower altitudes (around 100 kilometers). Red auroras, which are rarer, occur at higher altitudes (above 200 kilometers). Nitrogen, on the other hand, can produce blue or purplish-red auroras.
The Mystique of the Auroral Oval
Auroras are not random but are concentrated in an area known as the auroral oval, which encircles the geomagnetic poles. This oval-shaped zone shifts and changes size based on solar activity. During periods of high solar activity, the oval expands, potentially allowing auroras to be seen in more southerly locations. Conversely, during quieter solar periods, the auroral oval contracts, limiting visibility to areas closer to the poles.
Iceland’s position just below the Arctic Circle places it under this auroral oval, making it an ideal location for aurora viewing. The country’s latitude ensures that, during the long winter nights, the auroral oval often hovers directly overhead, providing optimal conditions for frequent and vivid Northern Lights displays.
When and Where to See the Northern Lights in Iceland
Iceland, with its dramatic landscapes and proximity to the Arctic Circle, is one of the best places in the world to witness the Northern Lights. The country’s unique geographical location provides ample opportunities to see this natural wonder. However, to maximize your chances of experiencing the Northern Lights in their full glory, it is essential to understand the optimal times and locations for viewing.
The Best Time of Year to See the Northern Lights
The Northern Lights can technically be seen anytime during the year when conditions are right. However, the long daylight hours of the Icelandic summer make aurora sightings virtually impossible. Therefore, the best time to see the Northern Lights in Iceland is during the winter months, from late September to early April.
During this period, the nights are significantly longer, and the chances of clear skies are higher, both of which are crucial for aurora viewing. November through February offer the longest nights, providing more hours of darkness for potential sightings. However, September, October, and March can also be excellent times to visit, as these months often feature less extreme weather conditions and slightly milder temperatures.
The Best Locations in Iceland for Aurora Viewing
Iceland’s varied landscapes provide numerous ideal spots for viewing the Northern Lights. Some locations are renowned for their stunning backdrops and accessibility, while others offer remote, secluded experiences away from artificial light. Here are some of the top places in Iceland to see the Northern Lights:
Reykjavík and its Surroundings
Although Reykjavík is Iceland’s largest city, its relatively small size means it has less light pollution compared to other capital cities. You can often see the Northern Lights from within the city, especially if the aurora activity is strong. For better visibility, head to areas like the Grótta Lighthouse on the Seltjarnarnes Peninsula, just a short drive from downtown. This spot provides a dark, open space perfect for aurora watching.
Thingvellir National Park
A UNESCO World Heritage site, Thingvellir National Park is not only historically significant but also an excellent location for viewing the Northern Lights. The park’s wide open spaces and minimal light pollution create ideal conditions for aurora sightings. Additionally, the park’s unique geological formations, including the rift valley between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, provide a stunning backdrop for the lights.
Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon
One of the most iconic and picturesque locations in Iceland, Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon is famous for its floating icebergs and serene waters. Watching the Northern Lights reflected in the lagoon’s icy surface is an unforgettable experience. The surrounding Vatnajökull National Park also offers numerous vantage points and dark skies ideal for aurora viewing.
The Snaefellsnes Peninsula
Often referred to as “Iceland in Miniature” due to its diverse landscapes, the Snaefellsnes Peninsula is a fantastic place for aurora hunting. The peninsula features rugged coastlines, volcanic craters, and the majestic Snaefellsjökull glacier. Locations such as the Kirkjufell mountain, one of the most photographed mountains in Iceland, offer breathtaking settings for aurora photography.
North Iceland
The northern regions of Iceland, including towns like Akureyri, provide excellent opportunities for Northern Lights sightings. The area around Lake Mývatn, with its geothermal landscapes and volcanic formations, is particularly popular among aurora chasers. The relative remoteness and minimal light pollution in these areas enhance the visibility of the lights.
East Fjords
The East Fjords offer some of the most remote and tranquil settings for viewing the Northern Lights. With fewer tourists and lower levels of light pollution, this region is perfect for those seeking a more secluded experience. The dramatic fjord landscapes and coastal vistas add to the beauty of the auroral displays.
Tips for Viewing the Northern Lights in Iceland
Witnessing the Northern Lights is a magical experience that requires a combination of good planning, patience, and a bit of luck. Iceland’s unique landscapes and relatively low light pollution make it an ideal place to chase the auroras, but there are several practical considerations to ensure you get the most out of your adventure. In this section, we’ll provide comprehensive tips for viewing the Northern Lights in Iceland, covering everything from preparation and gear to safety and photography.
Preparation and Planning
Proper preparation is crucial for a successful Northern Lights viewing experience. Here are some key steps to take before you set out:
Research and Forecasting
Stay informed about aurora activity by regularly checking aurora forecasts from reliable sources like the Icelandic Meteorological Office or dedicated apps. These forecasts provide real-time data on the likelihood of auroral activity and the predicted strength of the display.
Weather Monitoring
Iceland’s weather can be highly variable, so monitor the weather forecast closely. Clear skies are essential for good aurora visibility. Use weather apps and websites to find areas with the least cloud cover.
Choosing the Right Time
Aim to be outside between 10 PM and 2 AM, the prime hours for Northern Lights activity. While auroras can occur at any time, these hours offer the best chance for a strong display.
Location Selection
Plan to visit locations known for minimal light pollution and expansive views of the sky. The farther you are from artificial lights, the better your chances of seeing the auroras. Rural areas, national parks, and remote coastal regions are ideal.
Photography Tips
Capturing the Northern Lights on camera can be a rewarding challenge. Here are some tips for photographing the auroras:
Use a Tripod
A sturdy tripod is essential for keeping your camera steady during long exposures.
Camera Settings
Set your camera to manual mode and adjust the settings to suit the conditions. A good starting point is an aperture of f/2.8, an ISO of 800-3200, and a shutter speed between 5 and 30 seconds. Experiment with these settings to find what works best.
Shoot in RAW
Shooting in RAW format allows for greater flexibility in post-processing, helping you to bring out more detail and color in your aurora photos.
Wide-Angle Lens
Use a wide-angle lens to capture as much of the sky and landscape as possible. This helps to convey the scale and grandeur of the Northern Lights.
Viewing the Northern Lights in Iceland is a remarkable experience that combines the wonders of nature with the thrill of adventure. By preparing thoroughly, choosing the right locations, and prioritizing safety, you can maximize your chances of witnessing this awe-inspiring phenomenon.